We were recently inspired by a goireland.com feature on Irish inventors to take a look through our Irish family history records for some of these famous Irish men and woman who made a huge contribution to science, technology and engineering. The first famous inventor we came across was John Philip Holland, the man who invented the submarine.

John Philip Holland was born into an all Irish speaking family in Liscannor, Co. Clare on February 24 1841. He eventually became a school teacher in various Christian Brothers’ schools throughout the country. Influenced by his love of science and engineering he began to work on designs for aeroplanes and battle ships, some of which were intended for use under water. He completed his first detailed designs for a submarine in 1859, a design which he never radically changed. In 1870, Jules Verne’s novel “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea” was published, giving Holland a fresh impetus to turn his design into a reality.

He followed his mother and brother to Boston in 1873 where he initially worked for an engineering firm before returning to teaching in St. John’s Catholic School, Paterson, New Jersey.  It was in new Jersey that Holland planned and built his first submarine the Holland I which made several successful dives to a depth of 12 feet. By this time his brother had become heavily involved with the Fenian Movement in America who agreed to fund the research and construction of Holland’s designs in order to use them against the British. In 1881 Holland completed the construction of the Fenian Ram but fell out with the Fenian’s over money.

In 1896 he set up a private company to develop his submarine designs further and eventually after much alterations, failed prototypes and huge personal investment Holland sold the Holland 6 to the U.S. Navy in October 1900 for a price of $150,000, half the price it cost to build. It was the first submarine of the U.S. Navy.

Holland went on to sell his designs to the British Navy and built two submarines for Japan. He died of pneumonia at his home in Newark, New Jersey on August 13 1914. Below we can see his death recorded in the Tipperary Clans Archive:

John Philip Holland in the Tipperary Clans Archive

More information on the Tipperary Clans Archive

Search for your pioneering ancestors on findmypast.ie

In the first of December’s Eneclann expert guest posts, Fiona Fitzsimons gives you a guide to what you need to know about Irish burial records and gravestones before you start research:

The importance of burial with the kin-group

Once the religious wars of the 17th Century ended, one of the few places in Irish society where there was no sectarian divide was the graveyard. Most graveyards accepted people of every denomination for burial.  In part this was because in the 17th Century the Established Church, the Anglican Church of Ireland, took over the pre-Reformation cathedrals, churches and burial grounds.

For the Irish population, no matter what church they attended on a Sunday, the most important thing was to be buried with their own kindred.  Religious divisions that were so important in life, were finally set aside in the graveyard. The main exception to this rule were the Quakers, who always kept their own separate burial grounds.  There are also a small but significant number of ‘denominational’ burial grounds around Ireland, but these tend to be smaller graveyards that have long since fallen into disuse precisely because of changing rural populations and the decline of congregations.

Returning home for burial

Many of those who died away from home were usually brought back for burial. In general however, this tradition is only evident where the documentary records have survived, so that we have most evidence about the prosperous middle-classes, gentry and aristocracy.  From the second half of the 19th Century, there’s a greater survival of Irish records, and we can see that this tradition was also observed by the ordinary working people.

A frequent problem which most researchers face at one time or another, is that although the documentary evidence clearly shows that the family remained in a locality, there are no burial records or gravestones for them.  Experience has shown that what has usually happened is that earlier generations of the family originated outside of the district.  As family members die, they are brought some distance from their usual place of residence, to the place where the family may have originated a generation or more earlier.  Frequently, you will find generations of a family buried in an extended family plot.  This emphasises the notion that in death, what the Irish wanted was to be buried amongst their own kindred.

Burial of suicides and non-baptised children

The custom of burying people with their own kin was so strong, that it was only interrupted in cases of death by suicide or (exclusive to the Catholic population) by the death of unbaptised children and stillbirths.  The burials of children not baptised were never recorded in official or institutional records, but occasionally records survive amongst family papers, in private letters and diaries, or in stories passed down through the family.

Infants that died before they could be baptised were sometimes buried outside the walls of the graveyard or on grass-verges along a road.  More commonly, unbaptised children and those that died by their own hand were buried in kileens, i.e. an older graveyard in the locality that had long fallen out of use.

At the root of this tradition, was the belief that the souls of unbaptised children and of suicides, were not at rest, and might be taken by the fairies (daoine sídhe).

In Irish culture, the sídhe were wild, malignant spirits, who preyed on humans.  The strength of these folk beliefs should not be dismissed.  In remote rural communities, belief in the fairy folk persisted into the 20th Century. In 1895 Bridget Cleary was murdered by her husband while her father and brothers stood by, in the apparent belief that Bridget had been swapped for a fairy changeling.  And as late as the 1930s in Ireland, there was one known case of infanticide where the child was killed in the belief that the fairies had stolen the baby, and left a changeling in its place.

Burial registers and gravestone inscriptions

As a rule of thumb in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Catholic parishes did not keep burial registers.  All other denominations in Ireland maintained burial registers and these records can provide excellent information unavailable elsewhere. Burial registers for C.o.I. parishes in Dublin city for example, record huge numbers of catholic burials.  Burial records should always be looked at, alongside gravestone inscriptions.

In the last few decades local history societies and government training schemes have taken transcripts of gravestones from many of their local burial grounds.  Many of these surveys have been published, and are available on line. For example Brian Cantwell’s monumental work, Memorials of the Dead, which covers counties Wicklow and Wexford, is now available on findmypast.ie

Other graveyard surveys on this site include:

• Tipperary Clans Archive
• Memorials of the Dead: Galway & Mayo

Findmypast.ie also contains some earlier surveys originally published by the parish registers society in the early 20th Century.  Much of this material was subsequently destroyed in 1922, so these records are particularly valuable, and include:

• The Register of Derry Cathedral 1642-1703
• The Registers of St. Patrick’s Cathedral 1677-1800 & 1907
• Registers of the French Non-Conformist Churches Dublin 1701-1831
• Registers of the French Church of Portarlington 1694-1816

But if you’d prefer to get out in the fresh air to do your graveyard research, a good tip taken from archaeologist friends, is to bring white chalk. If you want to read an inscription that appears illegible due to time and weathering, chalk over the carved words to bring the inscription into relief.  Failing chalk, a handful of wet-grass rubbed over the headstone, will also reveal the carving.   My father showed me this ruse one afternoon, to reveal the grave of Napper Tandy of 1798 fame, buried in Castlebellingham churchyard.

- Fiona Fitzsimons